Law of Mirath Essay Example

Law of Mirath Paper Legacy could likewise be eaten as the phrasing used to mean the science or strategy for division of the property of the perished individual among his/her replacements. Muhammad Dashiki, an extraordinary and well known Muslim Jurist had characterized progression as a science by which people (beneficiaries) who acquire are recognized from the individuals who don't; the information likewise learn by and large, the quantum of the offers every inheritor is qualified for take. Everything revolves around the home left by an expired individual. The study of Mirth is Shari gives rules which direct with regards to who acquires and who is to be acquired and what offers go to the beneficiaries. The standards of progression depend on the rules that property which had a place with the expired ought to decay on the individuals who by reason of association or conjugal relations have the most grounded guarantee to profit by it. The passing of an individual realizes move of the majority of his privileges and commitment to people who endure him. The transmissible rights incorporates all rights to property just as rights associated with property and other ward rights, for example, obligation, right to remuneration and the reimbursable commitments which are fit for being fulfilled out of the expires bequest. There are a few stanzas of the Curran which alludes to legacy gaiety in one manner or the other. For example in the accompanying stanzas. To Allah has a place the legacy of the sky and the earth; and Allah is all around familiar with all that you do. L The prophet of Allah (Karri) have additionally appealed to Allah to be offered replacement to acquire him where he says or said:- And recall Karri, when he cried to his Lord: O my Lord! Leave me not without off-spring, however you are the best of inheritors. 2 We will compose a custom paper test on Law of Mirath explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Law of Mirath explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Law of Mirath explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The one concerning the prophet of Islam, Muhammad (SAW) where the individuals of Aquarius in Make turned to plot and insults against him. They used to state about him that he was a man with no family alluding to the early demise of his children. One of them once commented, Do not be messed with him; he will pass on without relative and that will be the finish of his crucial. Consequently, one could essentially say, gaiety is worry with the beneficiary, the home left by the stops individual, ten second AT Illustrating ten homes all toner yields wanly are equipped for being fulfills and the classes of the beneficiaries. The Muslim law of legacy considers the way that the property of the expired ought to be applied essential to the help of people who were qualified for be first upheld by the perished in quite a while life time, and who have significantly endured by his passing. The Muslim law of progression is significant, in certainty it is even one of the most significant part of the family law with its build up decides and guidelines that is managing it. There is even a prophetic expressions, passed on by Bin Major and Dark Quinn in the encapsulation of Djakarta al Quarter, proclaims: Try to get familiar with the information on Afraid: show this information to the adolescent: the information on Afraid is half of (the entire religions information. It will be this information that my mother will overlook first. With the above Tahiti we can perceive how extraordinary significance is the securing of the information on legacy that realizing it add up to knowing a large portion of the strict information. With the demise off individual, his female family members and little girls turned into a co-sharer with their male partner as expressed in the accompanying sections of the Holy Curran: From what is left by guardians and those closest related there is a bunny for men and an offer for ladies whether the property be little or huge a determinate charge. Not at all like during the pre-lilacs period where females were precluded the privilege fro m claiming legacy from the property of their perished family members and even considered them as a feature of the legacy to be acquired along with the domain. In the law of progression, property of the perished individual are separated among his beneficiaries in a vote based premise, rather than giving it all over to the oldest child, as it used to be during the Auxiliary time frame. It additionally takes in to thought those nearest family members who were swinging on the expired. At the point when he was alive and made them to have a biggest advantage. Different family members are likewise considered for legacy like sibling, sister, uncle, child of sister. There is on bias in the sharing of the property or bequest left, and in the will where by the deceased benefactor shows their inclination to one individual over the other by offering a lot to that person and none or next to no to the others. Recompense is additionally made for inheritance, if the departed benefactor wishes to support an individual or admirable mission. The creation of an estate is supported by the blessed prophet, yet t ought not surpass 33% of the all out property, and ought not be agreeable to one of the beneficiaries, however to the individuals outside the beneficiaries or beneficent association or mosque and schools. Estate or will is empowered even before the last presentation of the Islamic law of legacy where it says. It is endorsed when passing methodologies any of you, in the event that he leaves any merchandise, that he make an endowment to parent and next if family, as per a sensible use. This is expected from Allah dreading individual. In the event that any one changes the endowment in the wake of hearing it, the blame will be on the individuals who roll out the improvement. For Allah hears and knows all things. From the sum total of what that has been said over, one can say that the rights and obligations of the individual don't end with his demise. This is shown by the principles of legacy wanly direct need must De cone rater ten eaten AT ten proprietor Ana Detour ten Tall division of the property among the beneficiaries. The individuals responsible for arranging or separating the home are carefully cautioned to have a similar dread in their brain as then would have in the event that they had abandoned a powerless family. They are to watch the rule of Justice, be thoughtful and supportive.

Graduation Speech: Christ is Still the Only Way :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Throughout the previous 18 years or somewhere in the vicinity, we have been impacted and coordinated by guardians, instructors, and other position figures. We have been advised when to get up, when to work, when to play, when to eat, rest, return home, go out, and so forth., and so forth., and so forth. Presently we are proceeding onward. As we do, let me help you to remember two standards we have been instructed, the guideline of opportunity and the rule of accomplishment. As grown-ups, an entirely different universe of individual flexibility anticipates us. Opportunity is a magnificent blessing. It is like a coin with different sides. Those of us with a driver's permit comprehend these two ideas each time we get into a vehicle. In your vehicle, where you go, how quick you go, and what course you will take are on the whole up to you. You are allowed to settle on those decisions. In any case, this opportunity likewise implies that you should be dependable. For what reason does the law necessitate that we have protection? Since the second you assume responsibility for the vehicle, you become responsible for all of your activities until your vehicle arrives at its goal. You have the opportunity to go as quick as you need, however the law will teach you in the event that you go excessively quick. You have opportunity to take any street you need, however only one out of every odd street will take you to your ideal goal. Life is a lot of like driving. You are allowed to pick any of the numerous alternatives before you both now and later on, yet few out of every odd choice will take you where God would need you to go. Maxims 16:9: The brain of a man designs his direction, however the Lord coordinates his means. You can decide to live in the alleged fast track with no awareness of other's expectations, yet would you say you are prepared to follow through on the cost? Axioms 14:12: There is a way which appears to be on the right track to a man, however its end is the method of death. So as to remain genuinely free you should figure out how to offset individual decisions with scriptural obligation. Carry on with your life without limit, careful that we will all some time or another give a record to God for our activities. As you appreciate this enormous blessing called opportunity, remain responsible to God since that is the best way to expand your potential for progress. This carries me to my subsequent point. A great many people don't generally get achievement, in any event not as the Bible characterizes it.

Racing Thoughts and Bipolar Disorder

Racing Thoughts and Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Mania and Hypomania Print Racing Thoughts and Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 01, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 08, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin Everyone occasionally experiences situations that cause their mind to race. Imagine that feeling amped up several notches and persisting without relief and you have an idea of what its like to experience racing thoughts. This symptom often signals a hypomanic or manic episode in people living with bipolar disorder, although there are other possible causes.?? Characteristic Features Racing thoughts are more than just thinking fast. Rather, they are a rapid succession of thoughts that cannot be quieted and continue without restraint.?? They can progressively take over a persons functional consciousness and gallop out of control to a point where daily life can be affected. This symptom can become so severe that it interferes with the ability to sleep. When talking with someone experiencing racing thoughts, its usually readily apparent because they not only speak at a rapid clip but also quickly jump from one topic to another. This outward manifestation of racing thoughts is called flight of ideas.?? Thus, racing thoughts and flight of ideas are two sides of the same coin.   Racing thoughts might revolve around rhythms, almost like a broken record without sound. They might include a bar of music, a snippet of a conversation, a sentence in a book, or dialogue from a movie that repeats in ones mind. Importantly, racing thoughts do not involve hearing voices, a symptom associated with schizophrenia and other types of psychotic disorders.?? Racing Thoughts in Bipolar Hypomania and Mania Racing thoughts are often one of the first symptoms to develop when someone with bipolar disorder is entering a hypomanic or manic episode.?? It can beâ€"but is not alwaysâ€"a debilitating experience. Some people describe it as having excessive thoughts that move quickly, but with a sense of fluidity and pleasantness. In others, however, the experience can be jarring. Concentration can become increasingly difficult, and the inability to quiet the relentless onslaught of thoughts can prove unnerving and disruptive.?? It is not unusual to hear of people who need to play word games for an hour or two just to settle their thoughts enough to sleep. Racing thoughts and flight of ideas in the context of a hypomanic or manic episode are accompanied by other signs and symptoms that might include:?? Pressured speechReduced need for sleepPersistently elevated or irritable moodIncreased energy and restlessnessIncreased distractibilityGrandiose thinkingRisk-taking behavior Mania in Bipolar Disorder Racing Thoughts That Predate Bipolar Disorder People who experience hypomaniaâ€"as opposed to full-blown maniaâ€"are typically able to maintain their daily functioning and, as such, often go undiagnosed until their first depressive episode occurs.?? So, racing thoughts and flight of ideas may predate a person being diagnosed with bipolar disorder, typically type II. Additionally, racing thoughts and flight of ideas that occur without the requisite number of accompanying symptoms to meet the criteria for a diagnosis of hypomania or mania may identify a person at risk for eventually developing bipolar disorder.?? This is sometimes referred to as a subthreshold bipolar disorder. Racing thoughts and flight of ideas accompanied by an elevated or irritable mood appear to increase an individuals risk for eventually developing the full-blown bipolar disorder, as reported in a study published in 2013 in the Journal of Affective Disorders. Other Considerations Racing thoughts and flight of ideas can occur with conditions other than bipolar disorder, including major depression and anxiety disorders.?? Certain drugs can also cause racing thoughts, such as methamphetamine and cocaine. Withdrawal from these drugs as well as opiates and heroin can also cause racing thoughts. While racing thoughts can be a symptom of a mental disorder, they are not specific to a particular illness. The accompanying signs, symptoms, mood, and behaviors help distinguish among the various possible causes of this symptom. Talk with your doctor if you experience racing thoughts, especially if they interfere with your ability to work, sleep, concentrate, or interact with others. Once the cause of your symptoms is identified, you can receive appropriate treatment.

Behind the Internet Addiction Essay - 968 Words

In Lewins essay, â€Å"Study Finds Teenagers Internet Socializing Isnt Such a Bad Thing† demonstrates the support that the writer states towards the amount of time teens spend on the Internet. The essay caught my attention because it’s incredible to read about something clearly bizarre coming from a person that is not well informed about what the teens do exactly while on the Internet and what can be interpreted from the extra attention and usage of the Internet. Lewin states that the usage of Internet by teens does benefit them but, it is very rare that a person can make this kind of judgments based on so little proof. The essay she wrote is very contradictory to what she wants to get across Parents need to be aware of all the†¦show more content†¦Teens addicted to being in constant navigation of the Internet only think about finding the chance of logging in and streaming the web. The teens, mainly students, have the tendency of using their cell phones during class time which prevents them from focusing on the lecture and for that they tend to fall behind. In the essay, Lewin supports the fact that teens are allowed to navigate the Internet and also stat es that teens are learning by participating with so much technology that will help them succeed (Lewin). How can participating in such ways with the Internet and the socializing via electronically help them? It only makes them more dependent to the media and towards people less capable of socializing. The incapability of interaction with another being increases because they dont feel comfortable because they isolate to a world in which they can express their feelings freely and where they are not judge based on their looks. The expectations of always trying to be the best at something or look the best is not helpful at times; it’s the excuse that many parents have when asked why they let their children use the Internet so much. It’s not understandable how in what ways the Internet Faking a life that they are not living to the fullest makes it even harder for them to face the real world and to interact even with their families. Lewin exclaims that learning to navigate and use the Internet is a way that they keepShow MoreRelatedThe Addiction Trap1732 Words   |   7 PagesTECHNOPHILIA: THE ADDICTION TRAP A few years ago if you would ask someone what the internet or as that matter what a computer was they’d either say that they don t know or give a hazy account of it being something that people in the technology industry use. However, today you look to the left or to the right and there are swarms of people holding on to their smart phones or to their computers. 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In Konnikova’s piece â€Å"Is Internet Addiction a Real Thing?† (2014) explores the dynamics of the addiction and where along the line an addiction to the Internet manifested, this is a view of social developments due to technology. The paper follows the research of Yale psychiatrist and director of the Program for Research on Impulsivity and Impulse Control Disorders, Marc Potenza. He has worked first hand with various forms of addiction throughoutRead MoreAddiction and Addictions Internet Addictions1321 Words   |  6 Pagesdamaging today s society. Addictions are a fast growing concern, it has branched off and caused many problems whether it be related to drugs, alcohol, gambling, sex, Internet, or eating. Addictions are something society faces everyday. Although there are many reasons behind why addiction are growing, and where they stemmed from, today s society has focused primarily on how someone with an addictions problem can seek help. Also the many Gaps and Ba rriers around addictions are enabling people who wishRead MoreEssay on Effects of Internet Pornography1016 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Internet Pornography It used to be almost impossible for children to get pornography. Comer stores would place adult magazines such as playboy on the top rack behind all the other magazines so that only the title was visible and it was out of reach of children. Movie stores would have separate rooms at the front of the store for their porn videos; this way they could monitor who went into the room. In todays technologically advanced society, pornographic magazines and videos areRead MoreAddicted to the Media664 Words   |  3 Pages Everyday countless numbers of individuals are choosing to spend their free time indulging in media addiction that is taking control of their lives. From social networks like Facebook and Instagram to time consuming video games and television programs that are available in numerous ways, media addiction exists and is becoming more prevalent in our society today than it has ever been. Addiction is willingly engaging and repeating an activity in which you know is causing a negative effect on yourRead MoreBenefits Of Playing Video Games1421 Words   |  6 PagesOnline gaming has become a serious problem in the society especially among young adults. This is because, most young adults are now stuck on their computers and internet, playing games all day. This has led to serious gaming problems among such individuals because they have no social life outside of the game world. Playing game, is a good way of having fun and developing one’s cognitive ability. The benefits of playing video games are numerous when done in moderation. â€Å"Playing brain-teasing game

Estimating the demand analysis of fast food meals Speech or Presentation

Essays on Estimating the demand analysis of fast food meals Speech or Presentation Demand Estimation: Combination Meals due Demand Estimation: Combination Meals Question a The quantity of combination 1 meals demanded per week depends on the meal’s price and advertising expense. Therefore the model can be specified as: Where Q is the quantity of combination 1 meals consumed from the two hotels per week P is the price of combination 1 meals A is the advertising expense ÃŽ ±,ÃŽ ²1,ÃŽ ²2 are estimators and ÃŽ µ is the error term. Using the data in table 1, the regression results using excel software are as shown on the table below. Therefore, the model is estimated as Question b The OLS method is suitable for this analysis. Note that, there are two independent variables; P and A which are strictly exogenous. Although the price of the meals is influenced by the prices of competitors, data for competitor’s prices isn’t provided and thus price is taken as given. Secondly, the independent variables are not correlated (Cov (P, A) =0 and Cov (P,ÃŽ µ) = Cov(A, ÃŽ µ)=0). Generally, the model is in line with all other OLS assumptions. Question c From the regression analysis, the model was estimated as Question d Where ÃŽ ± = 100626, implying that holding price and advertising costs constant, 100626 meals will be consumed weekly. The intercept has p-vale of 3.42*10-6 which is less than 0.05, and hence the estimator is statistically significant to the model at 95% confidence ÃŽ ²1= -16392.7, hence holding advertising cost constant, a reduction in price by a unit increases quantity of meals demanded by 16392.7 and vice versa. The negative sign implies a reverse impact. The coefficient is statistically significant to the model (p-value = 0.0023 Ë‚0.05). ÃŽ ²2 = 1.576 with a p-value of 0.011, means that ceteris paribus, a unit change in advertising costs changes the number of meals consumed by 1.576 in the same direction. The coefficient is statistically significant at a confidence level of 95% but not statistically significant at a confidence level of 99% (0.01 Ë‚ 0.011Ë‚0.05) The significant F is not very small (= 0.000551) implying that the model was correctly specified in that ÃŽ ²1≠ ÃŽ ²2≠  0 (at least one of the coefficient is statistically different from zero. R squared measures the goodness of fit. From the analysis R2 = 0.2638, which implies that the explanatory variables used only accounts for 26.38% of the changes that Q (dependent variable incurs. This value is too low since a greater percentage of change in q (73.62%) is explained by variables not included in the model, hence terming the model unfit. Moreover, when adjusted for degrees of freedom, P and A account for 23.37% of all changes of Q (adjusted R2 =0.2337) Question e In theory, demand is affected by several other factors in addition to price and advertising expenses. Therefore, the model would be improved by increasing the number of exogenous variables. Question f Using and the mean values i.e p = 3.5067 and A = 10008.94 Then Q = 100626 - 16392.7 *3.5067 + 1.576 *10008.94 = 58915.80835 The price elasticity is given by Using the mean values = - 0.9757 Therefore, a unit percent change in price results to 0.9757% change in quantity demanded in the reverse direction. Note that the percentage change in quantity demand is less than proportionate. Therefore since demand is relatively inelastic, the company can consider increasing prices so as to increase total revenues. The advertising elasticity of demand can be obtained as; = 0.26774 A 1% change in advertising cost results to a 0.26% change in number of meals consumed weekly. Notably, demand is relatively inelastic to advertising costs hence the company should minimize their advertising expenses and focus on other strategies that significantly impact on quantity demanded. Question g Given p = 4.15 and A = 18,000 Using Q = 100626 - 16392.7 *4.15+ 1.576 *18,000 = 32624.663 Question h Given Q = and A = 18,000 And = = $6.14 Bibliography Dwivedi, D. and Dwivedi, D. (2009). Essentials of business economics. Noida, U.P: Vikas Pub. House Pvt. Ltd.

Reservation Free Essays

Republic of the Philippines Batangas State University Governor Pablo Borbon, Main Campus II College of Engineering, Architecture, Fine Arts and Computing Sciences PASSENGER RESERVATON SYSTEM Presented by: Atienza, Zarah Jane C. Caringal, Clariza Jane R. Castor, Chiara R. We will write a custom essay sample on Reservation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fondevilla, Rolan A. Mendoza, Ana Marie P. BSIT- 3102 Presented to: Ms. Amy U. Aclan nstrctor Executive Summary The ABC Bus Corporation has approached a new way in reserving their accommodating their passenger by creating a computerize bus reservation systems that aims to provide user excellent services. Bus reservation system deals with maintenance of records of details of each passenger who had reserved a seat for a journey for various places in Bangalore. The said bus reservation company has 60 routes operating from Bangalore among those are the regular or ordinary, semi-luxury and super-deluxe buses. These systems should contain information about its passenger like date of reservation, their destination, and number of seats and cancellation of their reservation. The system should meet the requirements of the business to make it interactive and user friendly. Our project is to computerize traveling company to manage data, so that all the transactions become fast and lessen any possibly error in transaction like calculation mistake, bill generation and other things. It replaces all the paper work. It keeps records of all bills also, giving to ensure 100% successful implementation of the computerized Bus reservation system. It also shows reports of the transaction done by the company to monitor their daily operation. Objective/s Main Objective: To develop an effective and functional passenger reservation system. Specific Objectives: a. To record data of various routes originating from Bangalore b. To verify that the total distance travelled by each passenger does not exceeded 3000km. c. To provide a facility for cancellation. Analysis Traveling is a large growing business in or country. Bus reservation system deals with maintenance of records of details of each passenger who had reserved a seat for a journey. It also includes maintenance of information like schedule and details of each bus. We observed the working of the Bus reservation system and after going through it, we get to know that there are many operations, which they have to do manually. It takes a lot of time and causes many errors. Due to this, sometimes a lot of problems occur and they were facing many disputes with customers. To solve the above problem, and further maintaining records of items, seat availability for customers, price of per seat, bill generation and other things, we are offering this proposal of reservation system. Our reservation system has two modules. First module helps him to reserve a ticket. Using second module he can cancel a reserved ticket. Requirements Definition Functional Requirements a. Should be able to create a new login for accessing the reservation facility. . See current reservations on different buses along with the details. c. The system should automatically show amount of money needs to be pay for selected seats. Non- Functional Requirements a. The administrator shall usually do anything on the system in all forms. Administrator is responsible for updating and maintenance of the systems content such as adding/ removing informa tion about the system. b. Customers are people who shall use the Passenger Reservation System. To use this service the customer should have the basic computer using ability. Process Model Data Model E- R Diagram Use Case Input/Output design How to cite Reservation, Essay examples

The Parthenon and Gould Memorial Library Essay Example For Students

The Parthenon and Gould Memorial Library Essay Even though the Golden Age of Greece only lasted 50 years, its effects can still be widely seen even today. Since Greece was the birthplace of democracy and we are a democratic nation, many of our government buildings draw inspiration from Greek architecture. The Greeks believed that man is the measure of all and in their art and architecture they constantly tried to achieve perfect balance, proportion, and unity. The Parthenon was the largest temple of the Acropolis in Athens. The Acropolis or â€Å"high city† was an elevated rock supporting several temples, precincts, and other buildings. It used to be a citadel during the Mycenaean period. The temple was designed by the architects Iktinos and Kallikrates and was constructed from 448 B. C. to 432 B. C. The Greek general, Perikles, initiated the architectural projects and vast rebuilding campaign to celebrate Athenian art and civilization which included the Parthenon, the Nike Temple, The Erechtheum, and The Propylaea. The Parthenon was built using the Doric order, however it has two ionic features included which expressed the Athenians interest in harmonizing the architecture of eastern and western Greece. We will write a custom essay on The Parthenon and Gould Memorial Library specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first Ionic feature in The Parthenon is the four Ionic columns inside of the treasury; the second feature is a continuous Ionic frieze around the top of the outside of the inside wall. The Temple is for Athena and the eastern pediment tells the tale of the birth of Athena which is utterly beautiful. The western pediment shows Athena contesting Poseidon for patronage of Athens. The Parthenon is of Doric Order, we can see this quite easily in many features such as the columns which are wide with no bases and plain column capitals. Atop the capitals are plain architraves which support the frieze which has metopes and triglyphs which are exclusive to the Doric Order. Finally at the very top are the two pediments on the east and west ends that told stories of Athena. Gould Memorial Library was built by the architect Stanford White and was completed in 1899. Until this assignment I never paid much attention to the library but after examining it, it is beautiful and you can plainly see the Greek inspiration behind the building and there are many similarities to The Parthenon. There are five which standout at first glance. The library has an even number of columns in the front and they are equally spaced apart with less length in between at the ends and more in the middle to give a sense of symmetry. The library has two pediments similar to the Parthenon sitting on top of the frieze. The material used for the building kind of looks like marble that the Greeks would use which adds to the feeling of Greece architecture. The stairs leading up to the columns are in similar style to all three Greek orders with steps that have stereobates and a stylobate at the top step. The final similarity is the designed entablature under the pediment. Even though Gould Memorial Library draws much inspiration from The Parthenon there are also obvious differences between the two buildings. The Parthenon has columns from the Doric Order and so the column has sections called flutes and is shaped like a Doric drum. The library however has Corinthian columns which are slimmer than Doric columns and has a base on the bottom unlike Doric columns. On top of the columns of the library is a capital designed with Acanthus leaves which is a dead giveaway the building is of Corinthian Order. Both buildings have pediments but the library has no carvings or anything being depicted in its pediment. The library also has a frieze but there are no carvings like the Greeks would make instead simply inscribed is the name of the building and the year it was built. The final difference between the two buildings is that at one point in time The Parthenon had a painted pediment while the one on Gould Memorial Library was never painted.

Lion Facts

Lion Facts Lions (Panthera leo) are the largest of all African cats. Once roaming most of Africa, as well as large parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, today they are found in patches in Africa and one population on the Indian subcontinent. They are the second largest cat species in the world, smaller than only the tiger. Fast Facts: Lion Scientific Name: Panthera leoCommon Name: LionBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 5.5–8.5 feet longWeight: 330–550 poundsLifespan: 10–14 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Groups in Africa, and IndiaPopulation: 23,000–39,000Conservation Status: Vulnerable Description About 73,000 years ago, ancient shifts in the African climate segregated the lions into small groups, and over time characteristics evolved to match the separate environments: some larger, some with larger manes or darker coats. The largest of these was the Barbary lion of North Africa, which measured some 27–30 feet long with a long, serpentine tail of 3.5 feet. Geneticists have identified two subspecies of lion: Panthera leo leo (found in India, North, Central, and West Africa) and P. l. melanochaita (in Eastern and Southern Africa). These lions have coats that range in color from nearly white to tawny yellow, ash brown, ochre, and deep orange-brown. They have a tuft of dark fur at the tip of their tail, are typically about 5.5–8.5 feet long and weigh between 330 and 550 pounds. Male and female lions exhibit sexual dimorphism: Female lions are smaller than males and have a uniformly colored coat of a tawny brown color. Females also lack a mane. Males have a thick, woolly mane of fur that frames their face and covers their neck. Lions closest living relatives are the Jaguars, followed by leopards and tigers. They have two recognized extinct ancestors, the American lion (Panthera atrox) and the cave lion (Panthera fossilis). Aprison Photography/Getty Images Habitat and Range Although they primarily are found in savanna areas, lions can be found everywhere in Africa, except the tropical rainforest and the interior of the Sahara desert. They live in habitats from sea level to the mountain slopes up to 13,700 feet, including Mt. Kilimanjaro. The dry deciduous Gir forest of northwest India contains a lion preserve known as the Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary. Surrounding the sanctuary is an area inhabited by ethnic Maldharies pastoralists and their livestock. Diet Lions are carnivores, a subgroup of mammals that also includes animals such as bears, dogs, raccoons, mustelids, civets, hyenas, and the aardwolf. Lion prey preference is for medium to large ungulates like gemsbok and other antelopes, buffalo, giraffes, zebras, and wildebeest; however, they will eat almost any animal, from rodents to rhinoceros. They avoid animals with sharp horns (like sable antelope), or animals smart enough to graze in large herds (like elands). Warthogs are smaller than lion typical preferences, but since they are common in the savannas, they are common parts of lion diets. In India, lions eat domestic cattle when available, but mostly consume wild Chital deer. Lions drink water when available, but otherwise, get required moisture from their prey or from plants like tsamma melons in the Kalahari desert. Behavior Lions live in densities between 1.5 to 55 adult animals per 38.6 square miles (1 square kilometer). They are social creatures and live in groups of about four to six adults called prides. Prides typically include two males and three or four females and their offspring; the adults leave the pride to hunt in pairs or singly. Prides in India tend to be smaller in size, with two females. Lions play-fight as a means of honing their hunting skills. When they play-fight, they dont bare their teeth and keep their claws retracted so as to not inflict injury on their partner. Play-fighting is a training and practice exercise, to assist in efficiency in tackling prey and to establish relationships among the pride members. It is during play that lions work out which members of the pride are to chase and corner their quarry and which members of the pride are the ones to go in for a kill. Reproduction and Offspring Lions reproduce sexually. They mate year-round, but breeding usually peaks during the rainy season. Their gestation lasts between 110 and 119 days. A litter usually consists of between one and six lion cubs, the average is between 2–3. Newborn cubs are born weighing between 27–56 ounces.  They are blind and deaf at first: their eyes and ears open within the first two weeks. Lion cubs begin to hunt at 5–6 months and stay with their mothers until they are between 18 months and 3 years. Females reach sexual maturity at 4 years and males at 5 years. Luxy Images/Getty Images Evolutionary History Today there are less than 40,000 lions on our planet, but lions were much more common and widespread in the past: They disappeared from Europe during the first century CE, and from the Middle East and most of Asia by 1950. Modern cats first appeared about 10.8 million years ago. Lions, along with jaguars, leopards, tigers, snow leopards, and clouded leopards, split off from all other cat lineages early in the evolution of the cat family and today form what is known as the Panthera lineage. Lions shared a common ancestor with jaguars which lived about 810,000 years ago. Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies all subspecies of the lion as vulnerable, and in 2013, the ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System in the United States classified P.l. leo as endangered, and P.l. melanochaita  as threatened. Threats Major threats to lions include habitat and prey loss resulting from a growing human population and climate change, as well as invasive species, agricultural effluents, diseases like canine distemper, and human retaliation for lion attacks. Illegal hunting and poaching for medicinal purposes and trophies have also impacted lion populations. Legal sport hunting is considered a useful management tool, providing needed income at sanctuary facilities if it is conducted at a sustainable offtake of about one male lion per 775 square miles. Levels higher than that have been documented in several countries in Africa as detrimental to the overall lion populations. Sources Bauer, H. et al. Panthera leo (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T15951A115130419, 2016Bauer, H., and S. Van Der Merwe. Inventory of Free-Ranging Lions Panthera Leo in Africa. Oryx 38.1 (2004): 26-31. Print.Evans, Sara. When the Last Lion Roars: The Rise and Fall of the King of the Beasts. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018.Hayward, Matt W., and Graham I. H. Kerley. Prey Preferences of the Lion (Panthera Leo). Journal of Zoology 267.3 (2005): 309–22. Print.Riggio, Jason, et al. The Size of Savannah Africa: A Lion’s (Panthera Leo) View. Biodiversity and Conservation 22.1 (2013): 17–35. Print.Singh, H.S. The Gir Lion: Panthera Leo-persica: a Natural History, Conservation Status, and Future Prospect. Gujarat, India: Pugmark Qmulus Consortium, 2007.Species Profile for Lion (Panthera leo ssp. leo). ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2016.Species Profile for Lion (Panthera leo ssp. melanochaita). ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2016.

Gerrymandering - Definition and Examples in Politics

Gerrymandering s in Politics Gerrymandering is the act of drawing congressional, state legislative or other political boundaries to favor a political party or one particular candidate for elected office. The purpose of gerrymandering is to grant one party power over another by creating districts that hold dense concentrations of voters who are favorable to their policies. Impact The physical impact of gerrymandering can be seen on any map of congressional districts. Many boundaries zig and zag east and west, north and south across city, township and county lines as if for no reason at all. But the political impact is much more significant. Gerrymandering reduces the number of competitive congressional races across the United States by segregating like-minded voters from each other. Gerrymandering has become common in American politics and is often blamed for the gridlock in Congress, polarization of the electorate and disenfranchisement among voters. President Barack Obama, speaking in his final State of the Union address in 2016, called on both the Republican and Democratic parties to end the practice. â€Å"If we want a better politics, it’s not enough just to change a congressman or change a senator or even change a president. We have to change the system to reflect our better selves. I think weve got to end the practice of drawing our congressional districts so that politicians can pick their voters, and not the other way around. Let a bipartisan group do it.† In the end, though, most cases of gerrymandering are legal.   Harmful Effects Gerrymandering  often leads to disproportionate politicians from one party being elected to office. And it creates districts of voters who are socioeconomically, racially or politically alike so that members of Congress are safe from potential challengers and, as a result, have little reason to compromise with their colleagues from the other party.   The process is marked by secrecy, self-dealing and backroom logrolling among elected officials. The public is largely shut out of the process, wrote  Erika L. Wood, the director of the Redistricting Representation Project at the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law. In the 2012 congressional elections, for example, Republicans won 53 percent of the popular vote but carried three out of four House seats in states where they oversaw redistricting. The same was true for Democrats. In states where they controlled the process of drawing congressional district boundaries, they captured seven out of 10 seats with only 56 percent of the popular vote. Any Laws Against It? The U.S. Supreme Court, ruling in 1964, called for a fair and equitable distribution of voters among congressional districts, but its ruling dealt mostly with the actual number of voters in each and whether they were rural or urban, not the partisan or racial makeup of each: Since the achieving of fair and effective representation for all citizens  is concededly the basic aim of legislative apportionment, we conclude that the Equal Protection Clause guarantees the opportunity for equal participation by all voters in the election of state legislators. Diluting the weight of votes because of place of residence impairs basic constitutional rights under the Fourteenth Amendment just as much as invidious discriminations based upon factors such as race  or economic status. The federal Voting Rights Act of 1965  took on the issue of using race as a factor in drawing congressional districts, saying it is illegal to deny minorities their constitutional right  Ã¢â‚¬Å"to participate in the political process and to elect representatives of their choice.† The law  was designed to end discrimination against black Americans, particularly those in the South after the Civil War. A state may take race into account as one of several factors when drawing district lines- but without a compelling reason, race cannot be the predominant reason for a district’s shape, according to the Brennan Center for Justice. The Supreme Court followed up in 2015 by saying states could form independent, nonpartisan commissions to redraw legislative and congressional boundaries. How It Happens Attempts to gerrymander happen only once a decade and soon after years ending in a zero. That’s because states are required by law to redraw all 435 congressional and legislative boundaries based on the decennial census every 10 years. The redistricting process begins soon after the U.S. Census Bureau completes its work and begins sending data back to the states. Redistricting must be completed in time for the 2012 elections. Redistricting is one of the most important processes in American politics. The way congressional and legislative boundaries are drawn determines who wins federal and state elections, and ultimately which political party holds the power in making crucial policy decisions. Gerrymandering is not hard,  Sam Wang, the founder of Princeton Universitys Election Consortium, wrote in 2012. He continued: The core technique is to jam voters likely to favor your opponents into a few throwaway districts where the other side will win lopsided victories, a strategy known as packing. Arrange other boundaries to win close victories, cracking opposition groups into many districts. Examples The most concerted effort to redraw political boundaries to benefit a political party in modern history happened after the 2010 census. The project, orchestrated by Republicans using sophisticated software and about $30 million, was called  REDMAP, for Redistricting Majority Project. The program began with successful efforts to regain majorities in key states including  Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, North Carolina, Florida, and Wisconsin. Republican strategist Karl Rove wrote in The Wall Street Journal before the midterm elections in 2010: The political world is fixated on whether this years elections will deliver an epic rebuke of President Barack Obama and his party. If that happens, it could end up costing Democrats congressional seats for a decade to come. He was right. The Republican victories in statehouses across the country allowed the GOP in those states to then control the redistricting process taking effect in 2012 and shape congressional races, and ultimately policy, until the next census in 2020.   Who is Responsible? Both major political parties are responsible for the misshapen legislative and congressional districts in the United States. In most cases, the process of drawing congressional and legislative boundaries is left to state legislatures. Some states impanel special commissions. Some redistricting commissions are expected to resist political influence and act independently from the parties and the elected officials in that state. But not all. Here’s a breakdown of who is responsible for redistricting in each state: State legislatures: In 30 states, the elected state lawmakers are responsible for drawing their own legislative districts and in 31 states the boundaries for the congressional districts in their states, according to the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University’s School of Law. The governors in most of those states have the authority to veto the plans. The states that allow their legislatures to perform the redistricting are: AlabamaDelaware (Legislative districts only)FloridaGeorgiaIllinoisIndianaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaine (Congressional districts only)MarylandMassachusettsMinnesotaMissouri (Congressional districts only)North CarolinaNorth Dakota (Legislative districts only)NebraskaNew HampshireNew MexicoNevadaOklahomaOregonRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth Dakota (Legislative districts only)TennesseeTexasUtahVirginiaWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming (Legislative districts only) Independent commissions: These apolitical panels are used in four states to redraw legislative districts. To keep politics and the potential for gerrymandering out of the process, state lawmakers and public officials are prohibited from serving on the commissions. Some states also prohibit legislative staffers and lobbyists, as well. The four states that employ independent commissions are: ArizonaCaliforniaColoradoMichigan Advisory commissions: Four states use and advisory commission consisting of a mix of legislators and non-legislators to draw up congressional maps that are then presented to the legislature for a vote. Six states use advisory commissions to draw state legislative districts. The states that use advisory commissions are: ConnecticutIowaMaine (Legislative districts only)New YorkUtahVermont (Legislative districts only) Politician commissions: Ten states create panels made up of state lawmakers and other elected officials to redraw their own legislative boundaries. While these states take redistricting out of the hands of the entire legislature, the process is highly political, or partisan, and often results in gerrymandering districts. The 10 states that use politician commissions are: Alaska (Legislative districts only)Arkansas (Legislative districts only)HawaiiIdahoMissouriMontana (Legislative districts only)New JerseyOhio (Legislative districts only)Pennsylvania (Legislative districts only)Washington Why Is It Called Gerrymandering? The term gerrymander is derived from the name of a Massachusetts governor in the early 1800s, Elbridge Gerry. Charles Ledyard Norton, writing in the 1890 book  Political Americanisms, blamed Gerry for signing into a law a bill in 1811 readjusting the representative districts so as to favor the Democrats and weaken the Federalists, although the last named party polled nearly two-thirds of the votes cast. Norton explained the emergence of the epithet gerrymander this way: A fancied resemblance of a map of the districts thus treated led [Gilbert] Stuart, the painter, to add a few lines with his pencil, and to say to Mr. [Benjamin] Russell, editor of the Boston Centinel, That will do for a salamander. Russell glanced at it: Salamander! said he, Call it a Gerrymander! The epithet took at once and became a Federalist war-cry, the map caricature being published as a campaign document. The late William Safire, a political columnist and linguist for  The New York Times, made note of the words pronunciation in his 1968 book  Safires New Political Dictionary: Gerrys name was pronounced with a hard  g; but because of the similarity of the word with jerrybuilt (meaning rickety, no connection with gerrymander) the letter  g  is pronounced as  j.

Homework9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homework9 - Essay Example Separation of power identifies three power centers that are necessary for offering checks and balance on each other. The branches are the Congress, the executive, and the Judiciary. The President heads the executive whose roles, besides primary roles, are to offer checks and balances on the judiciary and the Congress. The Congress is the law making body in the nation and the president has the duty to assent to made laws before they can become effective and to veto laws that may be repugnant to natural justice and this ensures that only rational laws that the Congress enact govern the people. The president also plays an important role in appointment of judges through nominating them and this ensures good conduct in the judiciary. The Judiciary is also necessary because of its checks on both the executive and the Congress. Like the executive, it can declare legislation unconstitutional and therefore render it invalid and this ensures that the Congress does not just make arbitrary laws. The Judiciary can also declare actions and decision of the executive unconstitutional to minimize arbitrary authority. The congress is also necessary because of its regulatory powers over the executive such as disapproving a bill that the president prefers, passing a law contrary to the president’s veto, impeaching the president, and refusing to approve the president’s recommendations that are subject to the Congress’ approval. In addition, the congress is necessary for its checks over the courts such as impeachment of judges for misconduct, refusing to approve appointment of a judge, and varying jurisdiction of a judge. Federalism is also necessary for checks and balances by the federal and state governments on each other (Wilson, Dilulio and Bose 31). The nation has an inefficient political system because of the mode of appointment to the political offices.

Explain The Relationship Between Money Supply And Inflation Essay

Explain The Relationship Between Money Supply And Inflation - Essay Example When money increases in quantity, the demand for it devalues consequentially. â€Å"According to Austrian Economics an increase in the money supply should result in inflation as the value of each old dollar is "diluted" by the printing of new dollars† (McMohan, 2009). Different theories of economy offer different explanation for the influence of money supply on inflation. According to the theory of quantity of money, which is often referred to as monetarism, relationship between the two terms is interpreted as MV = PT, where M = money supply, V = Money Velocity, P = Price Level, and T = Transactions (Ellis, 2011). Other terms being constant, price level is controlled by the money supply. As the velocity of money and the transactions generally remain constant, this essentially means that increase in the supply of money directly increases the price. Likewise, decrease in money supply decreases inflation. On the other hand, the Keynesian theory suggests the existence of several o ther factors that can influence inflation and price level, in addition to the supply of money. â€Å"Generally, the Keynesian theory stresses the relationship between total or aggregate demand and inflationary changes† (Ellis, 2011). Money supply is often varied to control the inflation. When the government intends to lower the inflation in a certain region, central banks stop lending the money frequently and raise the rate of interest. As a result of this, inflation drops. However, when it goes below the intended level, the lending patterns are loosed so that the economy may be stimulated. In other cases, when release of money becomes unreserved, it results into the situation of hyperinflation. When a bank issues loan, it adds to the amount of money in circulation, without a net increase in the wealth (Anon., n.d.). Economists mutually consent that an increase of inflation above 50 per cent per month is the symbol of inflation. The inflation typically increases when the incr ease of money supply is not accompanied with an equivalent increase in the production of goods. In a vast majority of cases, the federal banking system is used to impose limits of the trends of lending and setting interest rates. If more money is supplied at equilibrium, it makes the interest rate ti go down because the supply of money far exceeds the demand (Hornle, 2007). In order to keep that from happening, the federal banking system decides the limits making use of the economic data. Sometimes, it becomes hard to estimate the money supply, particularly when the trends changes constantly. The supply of money may increase frequently as a result of change in the patterns of storage of money on the part of people. The following chart displays the supply of money from 1985 to 2008. The per cent change in money supply of one year has also been shown: Supply of money vs inflation (McMohan, 2009). M1 is generally considered as the most accurate measure of supply of money in that M1 mea sures money in just its most liquid states. M1 is just limited to the currency that is in the public’s occupancy in various forms which include but are not limited travelers’ checks, and checks for money deposits. Sometimes, increase in the supply of money may not cause the inflation to increase. Certain factors play a role in it that include but are not limited to the speed of circulation of money, increase in the capacity of productivity and the state of economy. Increase in real output is one

Eleanor Maccoby Essays -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eleanor Maccoby is a renowned psychologist, with publications dating from 1957 to today. She specializes on the socialization of children, developmental change in personality and behavior, relationships of couples after divorce, and parent-child interactions. In this review I focus on her work examining the socialization of children, and parent-child interactions. I link her work between the socialization of children, from their interactions with their parents and with other children, to the interactions of adults. There is a clear parallel between the sex-typed skills learned in child-interactions and those conveyed in adult interactions. Parent–Child Interactions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maccoby looks at the development of gender through interaction: â€Å"social behavior is never a function of the individual alone. It is the function of the interaction between two or more persons† (Maccoby 1990). Maccoby’s earlier work dealt with parental effects on children’s gender identity, focusing on the sex stereotypes that parents instill in their children through interaction. Rothbart and Maccoby (1966) studied parents’ reactions to specific child behaviors, especially those regarded as sex-typed, like dependency and aggression, in hopes of understanding what accounts for sex differences in behavior. Social-learning theory addresses the finding, that girls display more dependent behaviors than boys, and boys display more aggressive behaviors than girls. And that dependent behaviors are less rewarded for males, just as aggressive behaviors are less rewarded for females (Rothbart and Maccoby 1966). Using social-learning theory, and assuming that the family constitutes the â€Å"culture† into which a young child is exposed, Rothbart and Maccoby (1966) predicted that both parents would reinforce dependency more strongly in girls, and aggression more strongly in boys. Rothbart Maccoby (1966) tested their prediction by placing parents in a hypothetical situation with a child, asking them to record their reactions and responses to statements made by the child, such as: â€Å"Daddy (or Mommy), come look at my puzzle†¦Daddy, help me†¦Baby, you can’t play with me. You’re too little†¦Leave my puzzle alone or I’ll hit you in the head!† (Maccoby and Rothbart 1966). The â€Å"child† in this situation was a recording of a 4 year old’s voice. Parents were told eith... ...  Ã‚  Maccoby (2002) argues that since the same patterns that exist in children’s mixed and same-sex interactions are prevalent in adult interactions, it is not sufficient to only look at the interaction styles of adults, but that researchers must start with examining those of young children. This review traces those steeps that Maccoby has taken in her research. She began her research with parent-child interactions, studying the affect parents have on the sex-typing behavior of their children, in hopes of establishing where children learn about gender identity. Maccoby then took that information and combined it with research on children’s interactions in play groups, which led her to believe that parental sex-typing is inconsequential in children’s decisions to play in sex-segregated groups. Maccoby (1987) argues that it is the combination of dominance and control with gender labeling that drives children to interact in same-sex groups. Maccoby then ascert ains the importance of the interaction skills learned in these same-sex-segregated groups in affecting adult behavior, and illustrates the many parallels that exist between the interactions of the two different age groups.

Solve Gen Inc

Solve Gen Inc. Background By Direct Drugs Inc. (Direct)’s request, an Audit engagement team has perform due diligence procedures, with an emphasis on the review of two separate material agreements between SolvGen Inc. (SolvGen) , that Direct is planning to acquire, and Careway Inc (Careway). First agreement is a research and development agreement , and second agreement is a license and distribution agreement during the first quarter of fiscal year 2010. †¢What are the deliverables for the arrangement described in the case study above?According to ASC 605-25-15-2, all deliverables (that is, products, services, or rights to use assets) within contractually binding arrangements (whether written, oral, or implied, and hereinafter referred to as arrangements) in all industries under which a vendor will perform multiple revenue-generating activities. In this case study, two deliverables are described: (1) a five-year research and development agreement and (2) license and distri bution agreement.Under the five-year research and development agreement, this case study described that SolvGen uses its best efforts to further develop proprietary instrument systems that have been under development for nearly 18 months and are expected to be expected to be ready for commercial launch in the near future. In case of license and distribution agreement, Careway will pay SolvGen for each proprietary instrument system as it is purchased by Careway. $ 1 million of the exclusive negotiation payment paid in December 1, 2009 is recognized as cash in debit and unearned revenue in credit in 2009 because the agreement will start in 2010.SolvGen can recognize any amount as revenue in credit and as unearned revenue in credit using completed or percentage method until the end of agreement to match expenses incurred in 2010. $ 2 million of contract signing payment paid January 1, 2010 is also recognized any amount as revenue in credit and unearned revenue in credit using completed or percentage method to match expenses incurred in 2010. The commercial launch of instrument system version 1-$ 5 million paid in March 31, 2010 upon commercial launch can be recognized as revenue in credit according to ASC 985-605-25-5 even if SolvGen do not deliver the instrument system.For the last two commercial launch of instrument system version 2 and 3- $ 5 million unpaid can be recognized as revenue in credit and account receivable in debit according to ASC 985-605-25-5 even if SolvGen do not deliver the instrument system. †¢When should the milestone payment received to date by SolvGen be recognized as revenue? To recognize the milestone consideration in its entirety as revenue in the period in which the milestone is achieved, the milestone will be substantive in its entirety. ASC 605-28-25) The milestone payments received to date by SolvGen for commercial launch of instrument system version 1 should be recognized as revenue because the commercial launch is satisfied w ith the condition that the milestone is substantive. A vendor recognizes deliverable consideration or unit of accounting consideration that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved (ASC 605-28-25).

Corporate Social Responsibility Csr - 1292 Words

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become imperative on business convention nowadays. CSR can be defined as the way that firms manage the business processes to generate a positive influence on society (Baker, 2004). The term CSR was appeared in the 1950s, but until 1989, Ben and Jerry’s was the first company which truly publish a social responsibility report (Coles, 2012). In recent years, numerous organizations evaluate firms on their CSR performance since the society is concerned about the CSR ranking. Consequently, business managers in various countries may treat CSR as an inevitable priority (Porter Kramer, 2006). Nevertheless, CSR is still a controversial issue in the world. Some businesses are struggling to balance corporate†¦show more content†¦This impressed a lot of their clients such as Dell. Dell extended the contract of printer cartridge recycling with IM due to IM’s CSR promises. As a result, IM’s revenues in 2011 has grown beyond 10 0% compared to the previous year Similarly to IM, Ford Pinto was winning customers surprisingly as the car performance was much better than the consumers predicted. The sales of Ford’s subcompact in 1971 nearly reached 18 percent of entire import sales (Hamilton, 2010). In contrary, it cannot be denied that companies need to pay large amount of money on environmental programme and employee trainings due to CSR. For instance, Ford Pinto produced the new vehicle very economically since it desires to improve its market position by selling cheaper cars. Nonetheless, selling these new vehicles has a significant risk as it is unsafe for customers. Ford can alter the cars’ design to reduce risk but it would cost an extra US$11 per car. They conducted a cost-benefits analysis and decided not to change. Eventually, their reputation suffered badly (Shaw, 1991; Nutt, 2002). In contrast with Ford, IM increased their reputation and had a good public relations through CSR (Edwards, 2011). These examples demonstrate businesses are faced with the dilemma of equalizing social and corporate aims because of the climbing social interest in CSR. Companies want to earn maximum profit to satisfy shareholders, whereas the community expect firms should have an ethical obligation. Thus CSR embraces